{"id":543063,"date":"2026-07-02T09:34:42","date_gmt":"2026-07-02T09:34:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/webkul.com\/blog\/?p=543063"},"modified":"2026-07-02T09:34:42","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T09:34:42","slug":"how-data-storage-works-in-wordpress-multisite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/webkul.com\/blog\/how-data-storage-works-in-wordpress-multisite\/","title":{"rendered":"How Data Storage Works in WordPress Multisite"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>One WordPress install. Thousands of independent sites. A single login that follows you across all of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is WordPress Multisite, and the magic isn&#8217;t in the dashboard \u2014 it&#8217;s in how the database is laid out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This guide explains exactly how <a href=\"https:\/\/webkul.com\/blog\/wordpress-multisite-setup\/\">WordPress Multisite<\/a> stores and retrieves data across thousands of sites: the table structure, how a request is matched to the right site, where shared data lives, and the functions that read it back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the end, you&#8217;ll know precisely where any piece of data lives in a Multisite network \u2014 and how WordPress finds it again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db-1200x800.webp\" alt=\"wordpress-multi-site-db\" class=\"wp-image-546888\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db-1200x800.webp 1200w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db-250x167.webp 250w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/wordpress-multi-site-db.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What WordPress Multisite Actually Is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>WordPress Multisite is a native feature that lets a single WordPress installation run a network of many sites from one codebase, one database, and one set of users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each site in the network feels independent \u2014 its own posts, its own theme, its own admin \u2014 but under the hood they all share the same WordPress core, the same plugins directory, and the same database connection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The network can be served two ways: as subdomains (<code>site1.example.com<\/code>) or as subdirectories (<code>example.com\/site1<\/code>). The data model is identical for both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The whole system rests on one idea: some data is global to the network, and some data belongs to a single site. How WordPress separates and reconnects those two is the heart of this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture-1200x800.webp\" alt=\"wp-multi-site-architecture\" class=\"wp-image-546895\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture-1200x800.webp 1200w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture-250x167.webp 250w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-architecture.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Multisite Stores Data: Global vs. Per-Site Tables<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When you enable Multisite, WordPress adds a small set of network-wide tables and then creates a fresh block of tables for every site you add.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>global tables<\/strong> exist exactly once per network and hold data that belongs to everyone:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>wp_blogs<\/code> \u2014 one row per site in the network.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wp_site<\/code> \u2014 the network(s) themselves.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wp_sitemeta<\/code> \u2014 network-level options and settings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wp_users<\/code> \u2014 every user, shared across the whole network.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>wp_usermeta<\/code> \u2014 user metadata, also shared.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>per-site tables<\/strong> are duplicated for every site, prefixed with the site&#8217;s numeric ID. The main site (site 1) uses the plain <code>wp_<\/code> prefix, while site 2 gets <code>wp_2_<\/code>, site 3 gets <code>wp_3_<\/code>, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So a network of 1,000 sites doesn&#8217;t have one <code>posts<\/code> table \u2014 it has 1,000 of them: <code>wp_posts<\/code>, <code>wp_2_posts<\/code>, <code>wp_3_posts<\/code> \u2026 <code>wp_1000_posts<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">-- Global tables (one set per network)\nwp_blogs\nwp_blog_versions\nwp_site\nwp_sitemeta\nwp_users\nwp_usermeta\nwp_registration_log\nwp_signups\n\n-- Per-site tables for the MAIN site (blog_id = 1)\nwp_posts\nwp_postmeta\nwp_options\nwp_terms\nwp_term_taxonomy\nwp_term_relationships\nwp_comments\nwp_commentmeta\n\n-- Per-site tables for site #2 (blog_id = 2) \u2014 same shape, new prefix\nwp_2_posts\nwp_2_postmeta\nwp_2_options\nwp_2_terms\nwp_2_term_taxonomy\nwp_2_term_relationships\nwp_2_comments\nwp_2_commentmeta<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the single most important fact about Multisite storage: each site is its own island of tables, connected to the rest of the network by a handful of shared global tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why the Prefix Matters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The numeric prefix is how WordPress keeps each site&#8217;s content completely separate while sharing one database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A post written on site 2 is stored in <code>wp_2_posts<\/code> and is invisible to a normal query on site 3, because that query reads <code>wp_3_posts<\/code>. There is no shared <code>posts<\/code> table and no <code>site_id<\/code> column to filter on \u2014 the separation is physical, table by table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Users are the deliberate exception. Because <code>wp_users<\/code> has no prefix, one account exists once and can be granted access to many sites at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How WordPress Retrieves Data: Picking the Right Site<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every request to a Multisite network starts the same way: WordPress has to figure out which site it is serving before it can load any content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It does this early in the bootstrap, by matching the incoming domain and path against the <code>wp_blogs<\/code> table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The request comes in for <code>shop.example.com<\/code> or <code>example.com\/shop<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WordPress looks up the matching <code>blog_id<\/code> in <code>wp_blogs<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>That <code>blog_id<\/code> sets the table prefix for the rest of the request \u2014 for example <code>wp_5_<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From that point on, <code>$wpdb<\/code> reads and writes only that site&#8217;s tables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The object that holds all of this is the global <code>$wpdb<\/code>. When the site is resolved, its <code>prefix<\/code> property is set, and helpers like <code>$wpdb-&gt;posts<\/code> automatically point at the right table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">&lt;?php\n\/\/ On site #5, these properties resolve to the site-specific tables.\nglobal $wpdb;\n\necho $wpdb-&gt;prefix;   \/\/ &quot;wp_5_&quot;\necho $wpdb-&gt;posts;    \/\/ &quot;wp_5_posts&quot;\necho $wpdb-&gt;options;  \/\/ &quot;wp_5_options&quot;\n\n\/\/ But user tables stay global \u2014 same for every site on the network.\necho $wpdb-&gt;users;    \/\/ &quot;wp_users&quot;\necho $wpdb-&gt;usermeta; \/\/ &quot;wp_usermeta&quot;<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why a user can log in once and move between sites: the user tables never change prefix, while the content tables do. The same <code>$wpdb<\/code> object simply repoints at a different block of tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reading Data From Another Site<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes you need to read data that belongs to a different site in the network \u2014 for example, to show one site&#8217;s latest post on another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The correct way is <code>switch_to_blog()<\/code>, which repoints <code>$wpdb<\/code> at the target site so your queries read that site&#8217;s tables. When you&#8217;re done, <code>restore_current_blog()<\/code> puts everything back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">&lt;?php\n\/**\n * Read the latest post title from another site in the network.\n * switch_to_blog() repoints $wpdb; restore_current_blog() undoes it.\n *\/\nfunction latest_title_from_site( $blog_id ) {\n    switch_to_blog( $blog_id );\n\n    \/\/ Any query here now runs against this site&#039;s tables (e.g. wp_5_posts).\n    $recent = get_posts( &#091;\n        &#039;numberposts&#039; =&gt; 1,\n        &#039;post_status&#039; =&gt; &#039;publish&#039;,\n    ] );\n\n    $title = $recent ? get_the_title( $recent&#091;0] ) : &#039;&#039;;\n\n    restore_current_blog(); \/\/ ALWAYS restore \u2014 pair every switch.\n\n    return $title;\n}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The rule to remember: always pair every <code>switch_to_blog()<\/code> with a <code>restore_current_blog()<\/code>. If you switch and forget to restore, every later query in that request silently reads from the wrong site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Shared Data Is Stored and Retrieved<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Not everything lives in a per-site table. Users, network settings, and the site registry are all global \u2014 and WordPress gives you dedicated functions to read them without switching sites at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data-1200x800.webp\" alt=\"wp-multi-site-global-shared-data\" class=\"wp-image-546892\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data-1200x800.webp 1200w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data-250x167.webp 250w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/cdnblog.webkul.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/wp-multi-site-global-shared-data.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Users and Capabilities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A user record is stored once in <code>wp_users<\/code>. What changes per site is the user&#8217;s <em>capabilities<\/em> \u2014 their role on each individual site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Those capabilities live in <code>wp_usermeta<\/code> under prefixed keys: <code>wp_capabilities<\/code> for the main site, <code>wp_2_capabilities<\/code> for site 2, and so on. One row in a global table, one capability key per site the user belongs to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">&lt;?php\n\/\/ The user record itself is global \u2014 no switching required.\n$user = get_user_by( &#039;email&#039;, &#039;owner@example.com&#039; );\n\n\/\/ Capabilities are per-site, stored as prefixed keys in wp_usermeta:\n\/\/   wp_capabilities   -&gt; role on the main site\n\/\/   wp_2_capabilities -&gt; role on site #2\n\/\/   wp_5_capabilities -&gt; role on site #5\n\n\/\/ Check which sites this user can access across the network.\n$sites = get_blogs_of_user( $user-&gt;ID );\nforeach ( $sites as $site ) {\n    echo $site-&gt;blogname . &#039; \u2014 &#039; . $site-&gt;siteurl . &quot;\\n&quot;;\n}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Network Options<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Site-specific settings are stored in each site&#8217;s <code>wp_options<\/code> table and read with <code>get_option()<\/code>. Network-wide settings are different \u2014 they live in <code>wp_sitemeta<\/code> and are read with <code>get_network_option()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">&lt;?php\n\/\/ Per-site setting \u2014 comes from this site&#039;s wp_options (e.g. wp_5_options).\n$site_title = get_option( &#039;blogname&#039; );\n\n\/\/ Network-wide setting \u2014 comes from the global wp_sitemeta table.\n$network_setting = get_network_option( null, &#039;my_network_setting&#039; );\n\n\/\/ Storing them works the same way, in the matching table:\nupdate_option( &#039;my_site_setting&#039;, &#039;value&#039; );                  \/\/ wp_5_options\nupdate_network_option( null, &#039;my_network_setting&#039;, &#039;value&#039; ); \/\/ wp_sitemeta<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Site Registry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>wp_blogs<\/code> table is the index of the entire network \u2014 every site, its domain, its path, and its status. Instead of querying it by hand, WordPress gives you <code>get_sites()<\/code>, which is cached and filterable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\">&lt;?php\n\/\/ Retrieve the list of sites from the global wp_blogs registry.\n$sites = get_sites( &#091;\n    &#039;public&#039;   =&gt; 1,\n    &#039;archived&#039; =&gt; 0,\n    &#039;deleted&#039;  =&gt; 0,\n] );\n\nforeach ( $sites as $site ) {\n    echo $site-&gt;blog_id . &#039;: &#039; . $site-&gt;domain . $site-&gt;path . &quot;\\n&quot;;\n}\n\n\/\/ Get details for a single site without switching into it.\n$details = get_blog_details( 5 );\necho $details-&gt;blogname; \/\/ the name of site #5<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Putting It All Together<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every piece of data in a Multisite network falls into one of two buckets, and knowing which is which tells you exactly where it lives and how to read it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Data<\/th><th>Where it&#8217;s stored<\/th><th>How to retrieve it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Posts, pages, comments<\/td><td>Per-site: wp_N_posts, wp_N_comments<\/td><td>Normal queries on the current site; switch_to_blog() for another<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Site options<\/td><td>Per-site: wp_N_options<\/td><td>get_option()<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Users<\/td><td>Global: wp_users<\/td><td>get_user_by(), get_users()<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Roles \/ capabilities<\/td><td>Global: wp_usermeta (prefixed keys)<\/td><td>user_can(), get_blogs_of_user()<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Network settings<\/td><td>Global: wp_sitemeta<\/td><td>get_network_option()<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Site registry<\/td><td>Global: wp_blogs<\/td><td>get_sites(), get_blog_details()<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>WordPress Multisite shares users, network settings, and site data in global tables, while each site stores its own content in separate prefixed tables for efficient management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WordPress Multisite stores shared data in global tables and site content in prefixed tables. WordPress automatically resolves the correct tables, making cross-site data easy to manage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One WordPress install. Thousands of independent sites. A single login that follows you across all of them. That is WordPress Multisite, and the magic isn&#8217;t in the dashboard \u2014 it&#8217;s in how the database is laid out. This guide explains exactly how WordPress Multisite stores and retrieves data across thousands of sites: the table structure, <a href=\"https:\/\/webkul.com\/blog\/how-data-storage-works-in-wordpress-multisite\/\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":612,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-543063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-wordpress"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Data Storage Works in WordPress Multisite - Webkul Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how WordPress Multisite stores and retrieves data using global and site-specific tables, database prefixes, and core functions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/webkul.com\/blog\/how-data-storage-works-in-wordpress-multisite\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Data Storage Works in WordPress Multisite - 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